The Federal Reserve System :: essays research papers

The national concord System was founded by Congress in 1913, it began to operate in Nov., 1914. Its setup, although somewhat altered since its establishment, oddly by the Banking Act of 1935, has remained substantially the same.StructureThe Federal Reserve Act created 12 regional Federal Reserve banks, supervised by a Federal Reserve Board. Each diffidence bank is the central bank for its district. The boundary lines of the districts were drawn in accordance with broad geographic patterns of business, and the banks were placed in Boston, impudent York City, Philadelphia, Cleveland, Richmond, Atlanta, Chicago, St. Louis, Minneapolis, Kansas City, Dallas, and San Francisco. In addition some of the regional banks have one or more branch banks attached to them.All national banks must belong to the system, and realm banks may if they meet certain requirements. Member banks hold the bulk of the deposits of all commercial banks in the country. Each member bank is required to own logi cal argument in the Federal Reserve bank of its district and must maintain legal militia on deposit with the district reserve bank. The required reserves ar proportionate to the member banks own deposits, the proportion varying according to the location of the member bank and the character of its deposits.Each reserve bank is managed by a board of nine directors (three appointed by the Federal Reserve Board, six by the local member banks). The Federal Reserve Systems Board of Governors designates one of the federally appointed directors as chairman and Federal Reserve agent it is the chairmans duty to address to the Board. The board of directors appoints the banks president and other officers and employees. The operations of the Federal Reserve banks, although not conducted primarily for profit, yield an income that is ordinarily sufficient to cover expenses, to pay back a 6% cumulative dividend annually on the stock held by member banks, to make additions to surplus, and to pro vide the U.S. Treasury with over $1 billion a year in revenue.The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve Systemthe national supervisory agencyis composed of seven members appointed for 14-year terms by the President. Its offices are in Washington, D.C. The Federal Open Market Committee, created later (1923) than the systems other divisions, comprises the seven members of the Board of Governors and five representatives of the Federal Reserve banks it directs the purchases and sales by the reserve banks of federal government securities and other obligations in the open market.

Cry the Beloved Country :: Cry the Beloved Country Essays

Cry the Beloved Country   Cry the beloved country, by Alan Paton, is a book which tells the story of how James Jarvis, a wealthy demesne owner who, because of his own busy life, had to learn of the social degradation in south Africa through the death of his only son. If Arthur Jarvis had never been killed, James Jarvis would never concur been educated by his sons writings, and Stephen Kumalo.   When we first meet pile jarvis, he knows little of his sons life. He doesnt know his son was on a kind of a delegating(p. 140), And this is why when harrison says,...were scared stiff at the moment in johannesburg.( p. 140) James is sort of surprised and says,of crime?(p. 140). Talking to harrison taught stephen about the crime in the city, and the next morning he learns about his son. One of the first things that james learns of his son, and his views, he learns in arthurs room. In reading his writings, james finds that arthur would have risked anything to help other people, and finish up doing only that. James finds that his son was well researched on the problems of their society, and was interested in helping the development of the social structure in south africa. From the pictures of deliveryman and lincoln on his wall, james discovered the admiration arthur had for these two men. These were men of action, who showed love for their friends, and at the same time, their enemies. These two men suffered and died for their beliefs, as did arthur in a way, this is showing arthurs father what a great man his son was by comparison, and similarity to others. This revelation shows arthurs concern for humanity.   After the discovery of his sons views through all of his writings, james begins to realize the problem, and starts to think of the problems of others before his own. In this aspect, james begins to remind the reader of oscar shindler. This is so because shindler was one who at one time hated jews, but as he began to understand them, he thuoght of their troubles and how his wealth could save them. Much like shindler, jarvis helps the minority. Following his sons death and the acquaintance of stephen, james donates 1000 pounds to the african boys club. Jarvis is not just giving gifts in memory of his son, or just to give, but giving those who need help ways to help themselves.

The impact of Queen Victorias Death on Australia :: essays research papers fc

Queen Victorias DeathQueen Victorias overtop, lasted 63 years, from 1837 to 1901. She ascended the throne of Great Britain, when she was 18. Despite being the Queen of Britain, and a very influential and prominent person, she also had an impact on Australian history. In Australia the most apparent legacy of Queen Victorias reign is manifested in the names of the two states, Victoria and Queensland. There are also a large number of other important buildings and places, named in her honor much(prenominal) as, the Queen Victoria Building, in Sydney. Victoria was loved and respected by her subjects, and Australian society at the time was affected greatly by the freeing of their beloved Queen. An example of the affection and grief felt by the Australian people is apparent in the following poem, written by J D Horne of Castlemaine, Victoria.Who can recall to memory the lifeOf one so loved, so dear A devoted mother, Queen and wifeA friend when few drew near And not in silent agonyBe me lted into tears.A nation weeps her,The whole world mourns her...Dead, did I say? Ah No She conksIn every loving heart.A nations grief is not assuaged No time can heal the smart.She lives forever, and her deedsWill live in memory too,And history recount her praiseFor all the ages through.For never monarch lived on earthSo worthy of our song...The Victorian era, as it became known, was the time of Queen Victorias reign. Victorias death signaled the end of an era. It was a rich and significant period in Britain, which had a positive learn on Australia also. It saw profound social changes culminating in the rise of the middle class, population growth, and an increase in wealth. Victoria was Queen and so it was seen as a product of her reign and so the love for her increased. Victorias death created a feeling of insecurity and uncertainty of what would result. However, it also created the feeling of opportunity and a new beginning. There was a sense not only in London but in all the ca pitals of the world that an age had come to an end, a stronger sense than there had been when the 19th century itself drew to a close. (1). There were mixed feelings with the end of Victorias reign. At the time Australian farming still revolved around Britain and most Australians were either born in Britain, or had relatives residing there.

Comparing Leadership Styles in Not-for-profit and For-profit Organizations :: Compare Contrast Business Non Profit Organization

Comparing Leadership Styles in Not-for- profits and For-profit OrganizationsAbstract Academic researchers have not found it important to attempt to complete studies based on leadership in non-profit organizations. A main problem that arises is that people tend to confuse the term leadership and management with each other. Also leadership researchers tend to associate leadership in non-profit organizations with general research about leadership.These ii problems result in a minimum amount of research done to support studies about leadership in non-profit organizations. This lack of study about leadership in non-profit versus for profit can tend to make people believe that there are no differences between the two. This study leave attempt to differentiate between the two based on definitions, characteristics, tax laws, funding sources, organizational structure, incentives, leadership styles and human resources. This study will include semi structured interviews by the C EO of Guadenzia, a for profit organization in Baltimore City that provides counseling services for at risk youth in Northwest Baltimore and The Director of Northwest Baltimore Youth Services, Inc., a non-profit organization that also provides counseling services to at risk youth in Northwest Baltimore. This information will then be examined in regards to their similarities and differences. contestation of Problem Although there have been an unlimited amount of research done in reference to leadership styles in for profit organizations, there have been a lack of research done in the non-profit sector in regards to leadership. There have also been few research studies that address the differences in management accomplish between non-profit organizations and for profit organizations.Research Questions 1. Is there really a difference in leadership styles between non-profit and for profit organizations? 2. Is the management process different in a non-profit organization than a for profit organization?Hypothesis 1. When it comes to problem solving, non-profit organizations is less concerned with the cost of a solution than a for profit organization. 2. In non-profit organizations they tend to find the best solution versus the best cost solution in the for profit sector. 3. It takes longer to solve a problem in a non-profit organization than in a for profit organization.Statement of LimitationsThis research will not attempt to prove that one form of business is better than the other, nor will it make any recommendations on what business to be part of or start.

Transformation of Marriage: Essay -- essays research papers

AbstractThe marriage revolution has been a controversial issue since the dawn of time, and all that are and have been involved with matrimony are assured of the issues of the future. There can be no denying that the culture of marriage has changed. This very course is itself a great example of this fact. Much like any another(prenominal) sociological subject of any real concern, there are many opinions related to this issue. This paper will attempt to highlight marriage seen as the sociological transformation, marital erosion versus evolution, and why many people fail at marriage and what does it take to be successful in greater detail. This will appropriate you, the readers, to make up your own minds regarding this extremely multifaceted issue. wedding party seen as the sociological transformationCouples today have much higher expectations. Between the mid-fifties and the 1970s American attitudes toward marriage changed dramatically as part of what has been called the psycholog ical revolutiona transformation in the way people look at marriage, parenthood, and their lives in general. (Skolnick p.171) At first blush, marriage in America seems to have followed a similar course. Once a required rite of passage, seen as a genuine embodiment of shared values, it now serves as a game-show prize on Who Wants to Marry a Multimillionaire or a booby prize on My Big Fat Obnoxious Fianc level off though wedding ceremonies have created a "bridal-industrial complex," as Lee professor of economics Claudia Goldin calls the nearly $100-billion-a-year U.S. industry that outpaces even the movie business ($45 billion a year, including sales and rentals). (Hodder, 2004) Motivated by celebrity magazines and wedding planners, couples take on increasingly elaborate eyeglasses that take years to plan and cost on average $20,000 to produce.When Love Story first appeared, our society was still extremely absorbed in a marriage culture that encouraged and supported getting and staying married. But inside a few years, the womens movement, the pill, the sexual revolution, and various economic shifts had permanently transformed that marriage-centric society. Marriage is not an endangered species, but it is surrounded by enormous difficulties that were not readily apparent 35 or 40 years ago. Divorce is a very serious presence over 50 percent of our marriages end in di... ...what has been will still be." Stay open to newness. Stay open to change. (Nutt, 1990)ReferencesCatholic Answers Inc. (2004). Special Report Marriage. Retrieved April 8, 2005 from theWorld Wide Web http//www.catholic.com/libraryGallagher, Maggie. (2002, July 13). How We Destroy Lasting Love. The Abolition of Marriage.Retrieved April 8, 2005 from the World Wide Webhttp//www.leaderu.com/ftissues/ft9608/reviews/gold.htmlHodder, Fraser H. (2004, Nov-Dec). The Future of Marriage. Harvard Magazine multitude 107, Number 2, Page 38. Retrieved April 8, 2005 from the World Wide Web http// www.hmag.harvard.edu/on-line/110491.htmlGrady Nutt. (July, 1990) Higher Praise. Retrieved April 8, 2005 from the World Wide Webhttp//www.praiselyrics.com/illustrations/marriage.htmRoss, Catherine E., Mirowsky, John & Goldsteen Karen. (1990). The Impact of the Family onHealth. ledger of Marriage and the Family. Retrieved April 8, 2005 from the World WideWeb Skolnick, Arlene S. & Skolnick Jerome H. (2005). Family in Transition. Boston Pearson A&B.Waite, Linda & Gallagher, Maggie. (2001). The Case for Marriage. New York Doubleday

Transformation of Marriage: Essay -- essays research papers

AbstractThe marriage revolution has been a controversial issue since the dawn of time, and in all that are and have been involved with matrimony are aware of the issues of the future. There can be no denying that the culture of marriage has changed. This very course is itself a great ex ample of this fact. Much like any other sociological subject of any real concern, there are many opinions related to this issue. This constitution leave attempt to highlight marriage seen as the sociological renewing, marital erosion versus evolution, and why many people fail at marriage and what does it baffle to be successful in greater detail. This will allow you, the readers, to make up your own minds regarding this extremely multifaceted issue. Marriage seen as the sociological transformationCouples today have much higher expectations. Between the 1950s and the 1970s American attitudes toward marriage changed dramatically as part of what has been called the psychological revolutiona transfo rmation in the way people look at marriage, parenthood, and their lives in general. (Skolnick p.171) At archetypal blush, marriage in America seems to have followed a uniform course. Once a required rite of passage, seen as a genuine embodiment of shared values, it now serves as a game-show prize on Who Wants to unite a Multimillionaire or a booby prize on My Big Fat Obnoxious Fianc even though wedding ceremonies have created a "bridal-industrial complex," as Lee professor of economics Claudia Goldin calls the nearly $100-billion-a-year U.S. industry that outpaces even the movie business ($45 billion a year, including sales and rentals). (Hodder, 2004) Motivated by distinction magazines and wedding planners, couples take on increasingly elaborate spectacles that take years to plan and cost on average $20,000 to produce.When Love Story first appeared, our society was still extremely absorbed in a marriage culture that encouraged and supported getting and staying married. But inside a fewer years, the womens movement, the pill, the sexual revolution, and various economic shifts had permanently transformed that marriage-centric society. Marriage is not an endangered species, but it is surrounded by enormous difficulties that were not readily unvarnished 35 or 40 years ago. Divorce is a very serious presence over 50 percent of our marriages end in di... ...what has been will still be." Stay open to newness. Stay open to change. (Nutt, 1990)ReferencesCatholic Answers Inc. (2004). Special Report Marriage. Retrieved April 8, 2005 from theWorld unspecific Web http//www.catholic.com/libraryGallagher, Maggie. (2002, July 13). How We Destroy Lasting Love. The abolition of Marriage.Retrieved April 8, 2005 from the World Wide Webhttp//www.leaderu.com/ftissues/ft9608/reviews/gold.htmlHodder, Fraser H. (2004, Nov-Dec). The Future of Marriage. Harvard Magazine Volume 107, Number 2, Page 38. Retrieved April 8, 2005 from the World Wide Web http//www.hmag.h arvard.edu/on-line/110491.htmlGrady Nutt. (July, 1990) Higher Praise. Retrieved April 8, 2005 from the World Wide Webhttp//www.praiselyrics.com/illustrations/marriage.htmRoss, Catherine E., Mirowsky, John & Goldsteen Karen. (1990). The Impact of the Family onHealth. Journal of Marriage and the Family. Retrieved April 8, 2005 from the World WideWeb Skolnick, Arlene S. & Skolnick Jerome H. (2005). Family in Transition. Boston Pearson A&B.Waite, Linda & Gallagher, Maggie. (2001). The Case for Marriage. New York Doubleday

National Guard troops

The United States is actively protecting its borders from terrorists, drug dealers, and increasingly, Mexicans. I would deport said immigrants, in place of Mexicans, but I do not think this would be completely accurate. After all, President Bush recently said that he was sending National Guard military to the Mexican American border, not all the borders around our rural area. It is an interesting question how much this administration really cares somewhat protecting the borders.One would think that if they were concerned about terrorism as much as they say, and take steps such as tapping domestic phone lines, keeping records of phone call of millions of Americans, and actively infiltrating and notice citizen groups that oppose them, then this administration would have militarized the borders long ago. But this has not been the case. It has not been until the beginning of an election year that this has become an issue.Millions of illegal immigrants have been streaming across our borders non-stop since the attacks on the World Trade Center, one would think that this would be the easiest carriage for any terrorist group to infiltrate the United States. But opinion from this administrations actions thus far, they do not seem to think so. There are many worse people that could easily find their way into our country than the average Mexican.The concern about border security should not focus on Mexicans, it should focus on terrorists groups that wish to do the country harm. The resources of the give away agencies of the United States should not be focused on American citizens and the imagined threat from eco-terrorists. It should be focused on stopping those individuals that truly wish to do this country harm from doing so.

History of Holistic Health Essay

Holistic medicament is a agreement of alternate music, which is a total approach to life both in visible and spiritual terms. It does not focus on the specific illness or bulge kayoeds of the eubstance suffering from illness, but rather visualizes the body as a whole and views body as more than the sum of the parts. It tries to attain a perfect accordance by fostering a cooperative relationship among in all those involved, leading towards optimal attainment of the physical, psychogenic, emotional, social and spiritual aspects of regainth (i. e. it focuses on the whole person and takes in to account how he or she interacts).When one part of the body is malfunctioning it disrupts all other parts of that person. This is comparable to the works of an automobile, if one part of the automobile engine malfunctions, it not only effects the working of the malfunctioning parts but causes wear and tear of the all the other related parts. The whole person, including all of the parts, i s in constant interaction with the nature and the environment. In other words it was assumed that the body posses a ingrained tendency toward equilibrium, or homeostasis the maintenance, which is the key to unattackable health.The aim of holistic healing is to achieve upper limit body function, where individual body parts are functioning the trend they should function. Therefore it is no longer the sole responsibility of the healer to bring good health otherwise puts great responsibilities on the patient to achieve the maximum possible health and well-being. Therefore holistic health is not a passive process but an ongoing process. It is heavily depend on personal commitment to be moving toward the right end of the wellness continuum.Irrespective of their occurrent status of health, any one can make marked improvement in the level of their well being by adopting the techniques of holistic health. Holistic medicine has its roots in several ancient healing traditions that stress healthy living and being in harmony with nature, originated in India and China about 5,000 age ago. The holistic healing practitioners propagated the idea of healthy way of living with nature. The great philosopher Socrates, who lived four centuries prior to Christ birth recognized this idea and has suggested that we should take body as a whole and not by part by part.Plato was another advocate of Holism advising doctors that they should respect the relationship between mind and body. And the efficacy of the body to heal itself and caution the doctors not to interfere with the process was emphasized by Hippocrates. Jan Christiaan Smuts coined the term holism in 1926 as a way of living a whole life and viewing the body as greater than the sum of their parts which has given us the more integrated excogitation of psychosomatic medicine known as holistic medicine. Holistic became more recognized through 1970s to the current time and has become one of the recognized methods of altern ative medicine.While the application of the word holistic is comparatively recent, the opposing school of persuasion felt that the physician should actively intervene to conquer disease, a great deal as a mechanic would fix a broken machine. This philosophical debate continued over the centuries, with neither side predominating until the scientific revolution of the nineteenth century. The discovery of effective antimicrobial agents by Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch accomplished remarkable recoveries not previously possible. However, even during Pasteurs time there were scientists who cautioned that the germ theory should be put in its proper context.Claude Bernard, a noted physiologist of the time stated, Illnesses hover constantly about us, their seeds blown by the wind, but they do not align in the terrain unless the terrain is ready to receive them. Pasteur and Bernard debated this excite over the years, and it is revealing to note that on his deathbed Pasteur is reported to have said, Bernard is right. The germ is nothing the terrain all. While the holistic point of view acknowledges the importance of germs and disease, the primary focus is placed upon the resistance of the host.Interestingly, it was only at the beginning of the twentieth century that the principles of holistic medicine fell out of favor in Western societies, with the advent of major advances in what we now call allopathic medicine. Paradoxically, galore(postnominal) discoveries of the twentieth century have only served to swan many natural medicine theories. In many cases, researchers have set out to debunk holistic medicine, only to find that their research confirms it, as has been the case, for example, with many herbal remedies.When comparing holistic and allopathic, the definitions of health differ greatly in regard to the diagnosis and treatment of illness. However allopathic medicine is a system of medical practice that treats disease by the use of remedies that produce effe cts different from those produced by the disease under treatment and it is also called conventional medicine. pot who use conventional medicine usually do not seek treatment until they become ill there is little emphasis on prophylactic device treatment.Because they believe the main causes of illness are considered to be pathogens-bacteria or viruses-or biochemical imbalances. Drugs, surgery, and radiation are scientific tests often used in diagnosis or in dealing with the problems. Holistic medicine, in the other hand, concentrate on preventing illness and maintaining health. Good health is seen as a balance of body systems mental, emotional, and spiritual, as well as physical. All aspects of a person are seen as interrelated a principle called holism, meaning state of wholeness. Any disharmony is thought to stress the body and perhaps lead to sickness.In the process of fighting disease a wide range of therapies is use as alternative medicine to bolster the bodys own defenses and restore balance. The best example illustrating this approach is the fact that ancient Chinese doctors were paid only when their patients were healthy, not if they became ill. Although allopathic medicine does not recognize that many physical symptoms have mental components (such as emotional stress which may lead to an ulcer or continuing headaches) its approach is generally to suppress the symptoms, both physical and psychological.While holistic method, views illness and disease, as an imbalance of the mind and body that is expressed on the physical, emotional, and mental levels of a person. Natural medicine, which follows holistic aproch, assesses the symptoms as a sign or reflection of a deeper instability within the person, and it tries to restore the physical and mental harmony that will then alleviate the symptoms.Knowing fully well that holistic medicine recognizes that the human body is highly equipped to resist disease and heal injuries. But when disease does occurs, o r an injury occurs, the first instinct in holistic healing is to see what might be done to strengthen those natural resistance and healing agents so they can act against the disease more effectively. Results are not pass judgment to occur overnight. But neither are they expected to occur at the expense of dangerous side effects.

Healthcare Managment Essay

What is healthcare management? Lets sum it up to get a better sense of each what partakes in it, as well of doing it in an effective way. Simply put is the overseeing of all the healthcare facilities. Most likely patient encounter is not so likely, unless there is a means to speak or deal with a situation directly with patient. Healthcare relates to insurance companies, organization, and hospitals. It can get a minuscular difficult because there are so many roles such ass, human resources, equipment, and scheduling .Being in this field is quite diverse, due to the many fields.Four Functions* As I mentioned before having this role you must be effective, in doing so there are functions that need to be set and used on a day to day basis. The first is organizing, which to have organization is wonderful and keeps things running smoothly. What does this consist of simply understanding your staff and helping them with their staff by assign them with their own and last precisely not leas t support. When employees have this to fall back on it helps in many ways for the organization. Second, planning you can never go wrong if you plan right and plan ahead. There are objectives that need to completed, which requires decision to be made. It gives an overview of what is expected and gives better insight for all. Third, controlling it is not necessarily what may come to mind at first. Managers have an obligation to always we on top of things, therefore in order for this to be do being involved with the performance of the team must come into play.This allows management to be able to focus on what needs to be done whether commodity or bad. In turn it gives an overview of how things our running. Fourth, leading I see as not trying to be somebodys boss/conductor it is someone who builds you up for success. I can say myself that putting all four functions to work together every work day probably is not so easy. No manager is perfect, the most important thing is that you try to incorporate all in some fashion and with that things should be effective. Having children myself I feel that I am a manager with everything to go with all wrapped up in one. I am needed to project my household run in functional way. If there were no guidelines and leadership it would all come tumbling down.What Do I Want to Gain?* Learning how to be more diversify and in the professional healthcare world. I feel very strongly about this because my most absolute goal is to become a healthcare manager and I know that there is an overwhelming increases in diversity now days. Since knowing this and seeing I first hand I would like to make sure that when I become a manager for a facilities I can uphold the standard and respect for all people. This is not only for the staff, but for the patients sake as well. Having the knowledge and to be able to teach other and implement it within.ReferencesLombardi, D. N., & Schermerhorn, J. R. (2007). Health care management Tools and techniques fo r managing in a health care environment. Hoboken, NJ John Wiley & Sons.Sherman, C. (1999). Raising management standards in American healthcare. Healthcare Executive, 14(2), 12-7. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/200287995?accountid=35812Wallick, W. G., & Stager, K. J. (2002). Healthcare managers roles, competencies, and outputs in organizational performance improvement / practitioner response. Journal of Healthcare Management, 47(6), 390-401 discussion 401-2. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/206729167?accountid=35812

Explain the Importance of the Pharmaceutical Industry in the Late 19th and 20th Centuries and Its Effect on the Treatment of Illness

Explain the importance of the pharmaceutical industry in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries and its effect on the deal outment of illness. (9marks) During the late 19th and 20th century many apothecaries (pharmacists) and herbalists were transforming family shops into chains of pharmacies (Boots). This make the pharmaceutical industry increase in importance from the late 19th century onwards as naked discoveries were being made . The Pharmaceutical Industry grew hugely in importance in the late 19th and 20th century.This was partly due to preparations which were being made and researched and the use of pills in medicine was transformed when Brockedon invented a machine that made standardised pills. These preparations were being marketed as being a cure for practically anything and came in the forms of potions, ointments and pills and were made from things such as coloured liquids, alcohol, lard and arsenic. These however didnt seem to work and therefore could have been wor sening the ill people or not helping the patients at all.The effect of treatment for illnesses, like Infectious diseases were still being researched so there were no cures. Researchers worked on identifying disease germs and inventing vaccines or cures. Prevention, not drugs, was thought to be the future of medicine. During the 20th century the Pharmaceutical industries importance began to expand, and pharmacies/apothecaries were becoming increasingly popular and in demand. The Pharmaceutical industry rattling began with textile dyes. In 1909, Paul Ehrlich invented salvarsan as a drug to cure syphilis.He was inspired by the specific staining or non-staining of bacteria with dyes for microscopic study. He made hundreds of dyes with arsenic atoms attached hoping that the dye would attach itself to a bacterium and the arsenic would kill it (magic bullet,). Compound No. 606, which they had originally dismissed, was a winner and effective. Advances in medicine were slow until 1932. Doma gk at the Bayer Company went through thousands of compounds that Bayer had made in discovering new dyes.He found one, prontosil that cured streptococcus infections in mice. Also, in 1928, Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin. He and others realized the importance of drugs that could cure infections and infectious diseases. In conclusion, the importance of the pharmaceutical industry in the late 19th and 20th centuries became increasingly more important in everyday life as people started to depend on the medicines/drugs and how well it treated or seemed to treat the symptoms of illness.

Practice Makes Perfect

Practice means constant use of mavens intellectual and aesthetic powers. Perfect means ideal, complete and excellent. proper planning and practise conjure perfect performance. Practice depends on training and it means repeating an activity. Constant practice also sharpens talents. One has to follow certain qualities to be perfect. These are voteless work, strong will and power, faith, tolerance, positive approach, self confidence and dedication. The quality that prepares sensation for all other qualities is practice. One should not stop practicing and be satisfied until one achieves perfection.Practice is a one and best way by which a person can achieve perfection. Practice makes one feel and understand the idea or thing again and again. The more one practices, the more errorless one becomes. He doesnt repeat the errors that were done previously. Practice begins from the cradle and ends in the grave. Right from puerility man practices various activities like talking, reading, w riting, cooking, etc. The child practices speaking, first by learning the alphabets, then words, sentences and finally speech. The childs thorough practice reaches perfection in speaking.One cannot ride a bicycle or motor bike or drive a car at the very first instance. Man needs practice until he reaches perfection. The same method applies to other areas too. Pefection is necessary in both shape of life. Perfection in shooting is an essential quality. Practice is essential in law and medicine too. Surgery can be mastered by practice. Even the practice of cooking enables one to get the perfect taste one wants. Thus, from the kitchen , to the office, practice is needed to gain perfection in every field. A person cannot be perfect in every sphere of life. It is quite inbred to have certain deficencies.One can practice repeatedly to lessen these deficencies. One may face difficulties during the coarse of practice. One should not feel dejected in such a case, he should overcome them i norder to achieve perfection. Practice enables a person to reach the heights of success in all walks of life. Practice develops corking qualities in ones character. It not only brings perfection but also helps in building ones character. Thus, it is practice that makes a man perfect who can free every challenge in his life. So, remember A man is not fully perfect but practice makes a man perfect

Oedipus Rex vs. Hamlet

A snake, which weaves itself throughout the veins of a family, spews its fatal venom into capillaries and infecting the soul. The poison of betrayal, despair and the disease of the psyches cloud the intelligence in both(prenominal) Oedipus Rex and settlement. In both instances, all characters fall victim to a shattered world, ripped apart by failed expectancies. Prince crossroads and King Oedipus both watch as their families make dismembered. There was a pattern of ideals that were violated and corrupt, progressing the plays actions.The helping hands which aided the unraveling of their lives were perverted concepts, everyday characteristics needed to lead a sane breeding. These corrupt philosophies which blazon the pages of these plays touch on the ideals of cursed deal, crumbled loyalty, a bustn family and the virtue of suffering all of which aid in the destined doom of the characters. Love is golden, pure. Its the pitch grace which sheds light in the tenaciousest of night s. But in our main characters stories, its part of their downfall. In both novels, love is one of the threads that are snapped.The tainted, incestuous love of Jocasta and Oedipus Rex helped to prove the prophecy true. It was es directially a mockery of what love is, for they believed it to be true but in the end what they really felt was the love of a mother to her son. Teiresias lays the first seed of their crime, crying to him, I say thou livest with thy nearest kin in infamy, unwitting in thy shame. As the true statement unfolds and the couple begins to realize the depth of their sins, the love which they once knew morphs into an ugly, distorted perversion. It resulted in Jocastas suicide and Oedipuss loss of sanity.The revolting reality that the truth make up was too much for the characters to rationalize. In the case of Hamlet, Ophelias rejection only added to the deep depression that already colored the Princes mind. Hamlets spurned propensity caused him to alienate Opheli a, leaving him lonelier and believing that there was no one there for him. As he was contemplating suicide, he includes the pangs of despised love as one of the wounds that do in his mind. Our Prince is angered by Ophelias rejection and unleashes his wrath on her, accusing that God has given you one face and you make yourselves another.You jig and amble, and you lisp, you nickname Gods creatures and make your wantonness your ignorance. His isolation and cruelty left Ophelia reeling and despairing, thereof ending with the taking of her own life. Another instance of incest was between Claudius and Gertrude. The taboo of their relationship brought well-nigh Gertrudes death and added to Hamlets reasons for avenging his father by murdering Claudius. When the cement bonds of family are crushed and ground into dirt, it could cause one to question their life, their worth. All theyve know vanishes.Family is the stoic rock that is supposed to support you, be there for you in times of need. As Oedipus inadvertently betrays himself and his family, he spells out the demise of his blood draw and all others involved. His family be dresss a perversion of what a true one should be, spawned out of betrayal and sin. His realization of his broken family snaps his sanity, crying out, Then had I never come to shed my fathers blood nor climbed my mothers bed the monstrous offspring of a womb defiled, co-mate of him who gendered me, and child. Was ever man before afflicted thus, like Oedipus? because of the Gods will, he kills his own father and sleeps with his mother. Hes fulfilling the prophecy and his destiny, committing taboos that will end up ripping apart the seams of his rational mind. The betrayal of Jocasta and Laius helped the story to progress as well. If theyd never abandoned their newborn son for death, Oedipus might have avoided ignorantly sleeping with his mother and carelessly murdering his father. The cursed King also broke the trust of his people. He alone was t he cause of the plague that claimed so many innocent citizens of Thebes.Oedipus only wasted time and effort trying to search for the culprit when it was he who was the villain, accusing the innocent of treachery and pointing his finger at all the wrong places. The lovers tryst between Ophelia and Hamlet could be categorized as betrayal as well as spurned love. Hamlet looked to the woman he loved for support in his dark time, but she refused him and sent him away at the advice of her father. He illustrates his sense of deception when he says, Ay, truly, for the power of beauty will sooner transform honesty from what it is to a bawd than the make of honesty can translate beauty into his likeness.This was sometime a paradox, but now the time gives it proof. I did love you once. The advice Ophelia received from Polonius to stop seeing Hamlet made the Prince believe that she was just a whore, playing with his emotions. The relationship of Gertrude and Polonius also created a sense of disloyalty for Hamlet. The Queen hardly endured the mourning period of her late husband before diving into bed with King Hamlets murderer. Hamlet formulated a distrust for women as a result of his mothers actions, lashing out at Ophelia exclaiming, Get thee to a nunnery.Why wouldst thou be a breeder of sinners? I am myself indifferent honest, but notwithstanding I could accuse me of such things that it were better my mother had not borne me. Once Hamlet learned that his mother was not only sleeping with the Kings brother, but his murderer as well, the knife of disloyalty cut even deeper. Revenge then began to taint his mind with the realization of this great betrayal. But, the driving force screwing the thirst for the death of Claudius came from the broken trust between brothers. As Claudius poured the venom into King Hamlets ear, it sealed his own death.In both Hamlet and Oedipus Rex, the drama revolves around a broken and disjointed family. Your relatives are those you trust, a net to catch you from any treacherous fall. Oedipus tears apart his family as he taints it with murder and incest, incur his madness and his parents demise. He knows that because of his dark deeds, he has set a life for his daughters in which theyll always be obsessed by his actions. His knowledge of this sin makes him spurn himself, Their father slew his father, sowed the seed where he himself was gendered, and begat these maidens at the source wherefrom he sprang. Jocasta and Laius also aided in the closing of their familys foundation when they tried to kill their own son. Oedipus narrates this when he claims, No, let me be a dweller on the hills, on yonder mount Cithaeron, notable as mine, my tomb predestined for me by my sire and mother, while they lived, that I may die slain as they sought to slay me, when alive. But, destiny won out and punished them for their cruelty, for the prophecy was still fulfilled. In the case of Hamlet, Claudius takes a sledgehammer to the Royal family of Denmark when he kills his own brother.This action was the spark which ignited the burn that would engulf the entire family. The Ghost of King Hamlet exposes the treachery of his brother, revealing But know, thou noble youth, the serpent that did sting thy fathers life now wears his crown. The loss of his father was the initiating action that commenced Hamlets depression and the discovery of Claudiuss role spurs him to consider murdering Claudius. When Hamlet finally avenges his father, he makes his uncles broken brotherhood known, Here, thou incestuous, murderous, damned Dane, drink off this potion. Is thy union here?Follow my mother. Another family wrecked in the play was Poloniuss family. As a conspirator to Claudius, he received his karma when Hamlet killed him. His action brought down his children as well. He convinced Ophelia to disregard Hamlets advances, thus incurring the Princes loathing for her and making her commit suicide. Claudius convinced Laertes that Ham let was sick in the mind, dangerous, and the cause for the death of his family. The actions of the two men brought down this second family, as Poloniuss children were lured into the deceiving web of lies which they had spun.Like the venom poured into King Hamlets ear, another type of poison seethed into the minds of our plays characters. These doomed persons both endured torturous suffering of the mind and the heart. In Oedipus Rex, Jocasta couldnt bear the knowledge of the terrible sins she had committed. In her last despairing words, she cries O woe is thee, poor wretch With that last word I leave thee, henceforth silent evermore. Oedipus couldnt stomach his own tainted self and whatever was left of his corrupted family.His plea cries for blindness, to ominousen all that is sinful, Dark, dark The horror of darkness, like a shroud, wraps me and bears me on through mist and cloud. Ah me, ah me What spasms athwart me shoot, what pangs of agonizing memory? But no matter what he doe s, he cannot take out his sins, even as he stabs his eyes. The suffering of these characters, brought on by the knowledge of what they had committed, was the ultimate weapon which ended them. Our Prince Hamlet was inflicted with the disease of the mind, depression.It lingered in the corners of his mind, a black cloud which fostered his dark thoughts and wishes to avenge his father and all who has wronged him. Hamlet also questions the validity of living, whether it was worth it. To be or not to be? To live or not to live? Hes outlining his depression in that soliloquy, debating whether tis nobler in the mind to suffer the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune or to take to arms against a sea of troubles and by opposing end them. He paints the image of his tired mind set, for who would be the whips and scorns of time? There is also poor Ophelia, who has cracked underneath her ex-loves cruel words. Well, Godield you She cries in her insanity, They say the owl was a bakers daught er. Lord, we know what we are, but know not what we may be. God be at your table. She cries her nonsensical words, demonstrating her fragile state of mind. She ultimately becomes so haunted by the stinging words of Hamlet that she cannot bear her life any longer, thus drowning herself. Both of these characters sufferings gave rise to their final death.In the works of Oedipus Rex and Hamlet, the main characters all suffer a tragic end. Its the themes that permeate the pages which causes their ultimate doom. When a scope of events are set into motion, un-foretold consequences may lurk behind. And so those consequences begin to taint the concepts that we all inherently rely on for a happy life. As merciful beings, we strive to attain love, to be accepted into ones heart and to do the same. Accompanying love is the expectancy of fidelity. When Prince Hamlet witnessed the countless deceptions, he mixed-up faith in his fellow man.Also family, in which there are ties that are stronger than ever, is expected to remain truthful and just to their relationships but this is violated in both plays. As a result, the violation of all the expected concepts brings about the plague of despair that infects ones mind. At the realization that life isnt living up to what they hoped for, questions of existence arise. And so these ideals of cursed love, crumbled loyalty, a broken family and the virtue of suffering all spelled out the imminent demise of our poor characters.

Abc buildcon

ABC Buildcon is synonymous with highly motivated professionals and enterprisers, dedicated and committed to trickery a platform to interpret your dreams of choicest place to world. It is an enthusiastic group with admirable foresight and forays into strategic growing by researching new possible to change alwaysyplace imaginings into actualityOur aim is to utilize our cognition and resources to supply nonp aril criterion of life. We are backed by experient professionals and we strive to function you better by placing chances and adding value to your investings and drop a benchmark in criterion of service and unity. With the cognition of the present tendencies, we help you to acquire the best trade of your investing in the targeted way.A team of dedicated professionals is headed by Shri RP Agarwal, Anil Gupta & A Bimal Gupta under dedicated and committed stewardship with more than 5 old ages of experience in alive estate work managing any the countries of NCR Delhi, Gurgaon, Ch andigarh & A Jaipur either Residential, Commercial or Industrial Properties.We are committed to entire Customer Satisfaction by supplying best go in the field of existent estate. This shall be achieved by doing continual betterments in our system including all activities .Our consistence of the concern is focused on operative with the clients by taking a pro active attack and valueAn Iso 9001 2000 Certified Company Conform To Quality Management System StandardOur VisionABC Buildcon Pvt. Ltd. is specialized in boot and realisation of Indian investings. Its competency and dependability are based on analytical attack and survey of any specific conditions on the market of existent estates. Among its clients there is a considerable figure of foreign companies holding involvements on the district of Gurgaon, Delhi NCR, Chandigarh & A Jaipur in India.ABC Buildcon Pvt. Ltd. is a dynamically developing guild in the field of audience services offering to its clients a full extent of au diences, direction, juridical and marketing analysis of supply-and-demand on the market of existent estates.The whole tone of the accompany by offering to its clients wholly and exactly detailed market analysis, by interceding in implementation of minutess and by supplying for their clients warrants for protection of their involvements.The Secret of our company consist in Exceeding dependability in supplying information and good choiceProfessionalism and assuranceHigh quality attending including after a dealing concludedOur MissionOur Mission And ValuessFocused On returnsIdentify client outlooks and demandsSupply solutions that meet concern demandsApply and adhere to the highest criterions of serviceDeliver committednesss on clip, every clipDriven By IntegrityDemonstrate highest degrees of professionalism and unitySystematically use recognized best patternsComply with all demands of regulative and professional organic structuresOur TeamABC Buildcon Pvt. Ltd. is expeditiously wo rking in the countries like Gurgaon, Chandigarh, Jaipur and Delhi NCR. Since the origin of our company, it is working really good under the effectual and experient leading of Shri RPAgarwal, Mr. Anil Gupta & A Bimal Gupta. Apart from this, we are change of location in front with the aid of the first-class work force, which is dedicated to deduction of the aims of the company. One of my greatest strengths I ve acquired during my instruction is good analytical and be aftering accomplishments. This has ever benefited me to put ends and seek to accomplish them. But at the same clip, I m driven by the ideas of success.ABC Buildcon Pvt. Ltd. is a turning company and we are to the full equipped in footings of work force and other resources to carry through the aims of our society.Our group has been systematically traveling towards a high growing cosmos presentation and nurtures a selected squad of professionals motivated by the entire value attack.The squad is wholly trained to get by w ith the presents tendencies, qualified to utilize all sorts of agencies of modern communications, invariably bettering its capacity for duologue with clients by direct and indirect contacts.We at ABC Buildcon Pvt Ltd. Are committed to advance Real Estate Service taking to with the Satisfaction of our clients. This will be achieved by acceptance of uninterrupted betterment of quality direction system by the squad of dedicated employer working in an environment of squad spirit.

Observation Essay

Asian back up was running in Inches. Since my friend from Hong Kong Is one of the representatives for Hong Kong girl tweet team, and I wanted to watch any of the Aslant game matches, thitherfore, I chose to watch squash competition at last. It was on the 24th September. The competition was held in Hourly Squash Court. I took the wrong o mobile phoneus of the subway since it was quite far from SHCOON and still, I was not too familiar with the subway system. As I interchanged station In Guru to Donnas of blue line 1, I saw a slight difference for bulk In the train from the milliamp green line 2.There were more elderly In the train. I was surprised to be asked to sit down by a kind lady. I felt like people puddle warmer hospitality than those from the city centre. after I entered the competition venue, I sit in crusade of the court that Hong Kong was playing with China. There were a a couple of(prenominal) spectators as I expected. As know, squash is not a popular sport among al l so it is really common to claim a few spectators. There were 4 courts undergoing competitions In the venue. I looked around and I was shocked to see at the midway of the venue, there were full of people.I was wondering if the game was exciting so I walked towards that court. It was hard to get there because there were really a lot of people. Even the staffs heading there to see the game. I last found a space. It was the women game which South Korea versus Japan and the score was even. I was really shocked by the full house spectators. Most of them are Korean and what surprised me most Is that more of them got banners or jolly tools. They yelled the cheering songs and slogans loudly to support the Korean team. At the same time, my Hong Kong friend had finished the game and came to me.She as also attracted by the loud cheering sound and was curious about the people. She said, It would be so good If Hong Kong would invariably have so many people supporting me. I asked, Would there ever be that many people watching squash game In Hong Kong? she answered, Even If there Is many spectators, they would never bring banners and cheer together loudly It was a tight game. Both Japanese and Korean players were well trained and passionate to win. I was amazed by Koreans passion to support the national team because when I went out of the venue to another venue, I could still hear their cheering sound.Korea finally won the game. After the game, there were so many questions pop-up In my mind. The first question is why is Korean so passionate to cheer for the team? I have come up with this question because squash is really not a popular sport and especially for womens match, it is not exciting as the mens. I have think of some possible answers. Firstly, since South Korea is the host country of the Asian game, people are uplifted and so they put their effort in supporting the team. Secondly, because the match was battling with Japan, which Is a country who always h as rivalries with Korea, so KoreanObservation essayI came across this situation between a Chills employee and a thickening. I walked in through the to-go area, to pick up an order. As I approached the register I noticed a lady just standing there on her cell phone ignoring the to-go specialist. Since she was there before I was I kindly waited till she spoke to the late man. I heard him say repetitively take to chills in the most friendliest tone ever. The lady was standing with her one hand on her hip and go on to have her conversation on her phone. The young man opened the register and began to count the money InsideIt. After he squalled her once again welcoming her, but at this point he was a deed agitated and you could tell within his voice. The women finally hung up her phone, yet still make no affectionateness contact with the young man. She looked around the area grabbed a to-go menu, while glancing she said her name and was wondering why her order was taking so long. A lready frustrated with the phone call she retributory had, she just firm to take It out on the young man. Blaming him for getting her food late. According to her it was horrible service.aggravatingly yelling where Is your anger, I demand to speak to him with her hands in his face. He calmly said yes maam, Ill go out front and call him over here. The conductor approached both of them and asked what the problem was. The women went off saying he was rude because he ignored her presence, never welcomed her, nor asked for her name. Rolling her eyes claiming the employee was on his cell phone, testing people instead of doing his lob. The Chills manager apologized and to please the guest he gave the women a discount as well.After everything was taken care of she put on her black sunglasses ND as she was walking away she turned around and impolitely told the employee thank for the horrible experience When I went up for my order I made sure I helped the young man clear his name. He did his Job, and he did it very well. The woman was obviously already in a bad mood as she walked into the restaurant, maybe she was having a bad day and that one phone call did not help. For her to take out her anger on a complete stranger is Just not right. Observation essay By bind lady Just standing there on her cell phone ignoring the to-go specialist.Since she was ere phone. The young man opened the register and began to count the money inside it. After he called her once again welcoming her, but at this point he was a bit she Just decided to take it out on the young man. Blaming him for getting her food late, according to her it was horrible service. Aggravatingly yelling where is your maam, Ill go ahead and call him over here. The manager approached both of them job. The Chills manager apologized and to please the guest he gave the women a thank you for the horrible experience When I went up for my order I made sure I

Quality Control of Parenterals

From Greek, Para outside enter=in strainine and exerts their action by directly entering into the systemic circulation. The quality of pranksters is the sum of all parameters that contribute to safety, efficacy and therapeutic efficacy of the drug. Drug products administered by nip atomic number 18 characterized by third qualities pertinacity, and freedom from particulate matter. The USPS compendia requirements has recommended the following bathroomvass for parentally products1 . Pyroxene seeing.2. Sterility Testing.3. particulate matter Testing.4. Package integrity Test.5. Safety Test.Pyroxene Testing Pyroxene are fever producing substances, which are metabolic products of microorganisms. Chemically, they are lipid substances associated with a carrier molecule, which is usually a polysaccharide. Pyroxene are produced by many microorganisms including bacteria, yeasts and McCollum. Most starchy pyroxene are the antitoxins produced from the cell walls of the Gram- negative bac teria. Pyroxene can cause a lot of damage, if they are administered into a homosexual being. Hence every batch of parentally is turn outed for the presence of pyroxene. Page Number 5 chase Tests are Performed for Pyroxene testing A. pika Pyroxene Test (RPR) B. Iliums Em ashes Alyssa (ALA) Test C. Monocot Activation Test (MAT) A.Rabbit Pyroxene Test (RPR) Introduction Selection of animals Animal quarters Retaining boxes Materials Thermometer Preliminary test Main test Interpretation 0 Introduction It is an in vivo test to detect the presence of pyroxene in parental to ensure their quality standards. In 1942 it was added on USPS as official test but it was replaced with ALA test in 1982. Biologic are nonoperational tested with RPR Early indention detection was accomplished by injecting rabbits with the sample and observing the response in their body temperature. Rabbits have similar indention tolerance to humans, and were thus an ideal choice. However, this method was costly, ti me consuming, and prompted protests from animals rights advocates. But perhaps the biggest drawback of this test was its inability to quantify the indention level.Selection of animals Rabbits are used in this test because they show similar response as in humans. Following is selection criteria according to USPS 0 Albino rabbits should be used which grams in weight. 0 Rabbit should not loss its weight during week of test 0 Rabbit should be physically well-informed 0 Rabbit should be on balance diet 0 Rabbit should not be administered with any anti body seventh A I Survivors I The University of Lahore Page Number 6 0 The rabbits which are used three days before in a negative pyroxene test are not used 0 The rabbits which are used two weeks before in a positive pyroxene test are not used 0 Animal quarters Rabbits should be unplowed in special cages and individual rabbit in a single cage.Quarter and cage should be carry out following criteria 0 Design of cage should be certified from ALL (American association of accreditation of laboratory animals) 0 Temperature of quarter should be 20 to 30 course Celsius (temperature of performance area should also be in this range with deviation of 3) 0 If temperature of performance area is different from area where animals are unploughed hence animals must be brought in performance area 18 hours before test 0 In performance area there should not be noise, due to noise temperature of rabbit can stand out from 0. To 10 degree Celsius , which become normal after 6 to 9 hours. 0 Retaining boxes Rabbits are kept in separate boxes 1 hour before performance, design of boxes should be such that body can easily move and neck is at opening side. 0 Materials Materials such as syringes glassware and so forth Should be washed with water for injection and place in hot air oven at two hundred degree Celsius for 1 hour or at 250 degree Celsius for 30 legal proceeding for dehydrogenation..Treat all diluents and solutions for process and rinsing of devices or parentally injection assemblies in a manner that allow assure that they are sterile and pyroxene -free. Periodically perform control pyroxene tests on representative portions of the diluents and solutions for washing or rinsing of the apparatus. 7th A I Survivors The University of Lahore Page Number 7 0 Thermometer theorists probes or similar probes that have been graduate to assure an accuracy of ?0. 1 0 and have been tested to determine that a maximum information is reached in less than 5 minutes. Rectal thermometer is used in this test which is calibrated with 1 degree Celsius marks.Thermometer is inserted at depth of 5 centimeter. Temperature should be measured within 5 minutes. 0 Preliminary test Measure the temperature 1-1. 5 hours before test 0 Wash the marginal ear vein with ethyl alcohol (antiseptic) ethyl alcohol also act as clearing agent. 0 Now inject pyroxene free water with dose of 10 ml per kegful. 0 Measure the temperature at intervals of 30 minutes for 3 hours 0 Any rabbit showing variation in temperature of 0. 6 degree will not be used in main tests. 0 Main test Select three rabbits which are passed in the preliminary test. Monitor the temperature and inject the product after 90 minutes in marginal ear vein Dose should be 0. Ml/keg to 10 ml/keg as specified in individual monogram Product can be eluted with pyroxene free water or any solvent recommended in official books Quantity of drug is as in monogram. 0 cadence of temperature and pyroxene response Measure the initial temperatures within 40 minutes of injection for this purpose take unrivaled reading at after 10 minutes and second after 30 minutes median(a) of both will be the initial temperature. 7th A I Survivors The University of Lahore Page Number 8 Now monitor the temperature for 3 hours at the intervals of 30 minutes and note the highest temperature.

Impact Of Attitude And Information

abstractedness This survey investigated the effects of disciples view, argument and larning methodological analysis on achievement in mathematical geometric make. The survey was carried out as a consequence of uninterrupted hapless(prenominal) in the world eye(predicate) presentation in geometric make uping in Senior Secondary enlightens, a 3 twelvemonth progressive educational plan in Nigeria. A purpose sampling comprised of 35 Male and 27 Female pupils from devil intact categories of different private secondary coachs in the Lagos Mainland local Government Area of Lagos State was use for the survey. A 28 ( 28 ) point questionnaire titled, Survey of military bearure to Mathematicss ( surface-to-air missile ) , to happen out the pupils locating to maths by and large and geometric twist in peculiar, and A 3- point word- job type, teacher do Mathematics Achievement Test in Geometric Construction ( MATGC ) instruments were used to carry on the survey. An data-ba sed mathematical group was taught utilizing calculate mould and based on constructivist theory of larning for a period of 12 contact hours over a period of 4 hebdomads. The responses of the questionnaires were subjected to descriptive analyses man the MATGC tonss were subjected to t-test, Pearson correlational statistics coefficient and arrested learning analysis. Consequences revealed that post appe bed to play a minimum function in proceeding of geometric grammatical construction in math. In malice of divergent primarily findings on extend to of instructional methodological analysis on proceeding and military posture, this survey revealed the constructivist attack as a better attack in learning as it had a positive impact on accomplishment and positioning towards the subject. The survey farther revealed that male pupils performed better than womanish person pupils. Deduction of all these findings calls for reappraisal of math curriculum by inclusion of Assisted De livery order in learning geometric construction in give lessonss. A farther survey is recommended for rural and public school scenes as against the urban and private school scenes. It is in any event recommended that an ADM attack be applied to separate countries of mathematics where pupils perform disgusted.Keywords carriage, Computer, Constructivist TheoryIntroduction reproduction, such a critical force and major participant in a state s economic system, liberates the head and opens up broad chance to whoever acquires it. An educated slew drive out utilize on hand(predicate) technological developments to his/her advantage. Today the power of a state is determined non by its division size of economic wealth but by its technological art. The distinction, safety, and wellbeing of states gull been entwined for centuries with the ability of their people to cover with sophisticated quantitative thoughts. Leading societies have commanded strong mathematical accomplishments to maintain them on the taking border in scientific turn back, medical specialty, and engineering ( National Mathematics Advisory Panel. Foundations for Success, 2008 ) .Despite the particular that some people do nt hold much preference for mathematics and see it as an exceedingly hard topic, it is a necessity in all reflexions of society. Two chief grounds for troubles of larning mathematics are the abstract construction of mathematics and instructors attempts to do pupils memorise the capable alternatively of assisting them internalise mathematical information ( Summers, 2006 ) . In add-on, math learning methods may hold a positive impact on pupils mistrust and public presentation in this capable expanse.Information Communication Technology ( ICT ) an country that has pervaded every aspect of human life with the command of calculation machine applications giving a competitory border to persons in the school every bit good as occupation markets. ICT can be used to leverag e instructional methods in the schools. Harmonizing to Chung ( 2004 ) who noted that mmethods of learning mathematics are founded upon and straight give uped by the pedagogue s probes of larning. Teachers must nerve into and utilize best instruction patterns to impact pupil larning. Computer-based instructions get out no uncertainty be a utile method to present mathematical constructs most curiously those viewed as hard subjects.Performance is a map of pose and ability. To get accomplishments, be it cognitive, displaceional or former(a)wise one must be mentally and emotionally prepared. A incorrect attitude could incline a superb pupil who is capable of doing As into an mean pupils who achieves merely Bs and Cs.Despite the fact that mathematics is a nucleus capable taught at both the Junior and Senior Secondary degrees of Education in Nigeria, pupils continue to execute ill in this topic ( NPE, 2004 ) a topic described as the queen of the scientific disciplines by the cele brated German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss.The Chief Examiners studies ( Nigeria ) of the West African Senior School Certificate streamlet all said that pupil s public presentation in mathematics continues to be hapless, but laid accent on geometric building as one of the countries where pupils performed ill ( May/June 1998, Nov/Dec 1998, Nov/Dec 2003 and Nov/Dec 2004, display board 1. ) .Reasons for this amongst others were attributed toPoor appreciation of the inside informations needed for serveing inquiries skimpy borings and tutorials from instructors anddeficiency of sufficient oneness assignments and undertakingThe suggestions made for betterment wereStudents should organize survey groups and exchange thoughtsStudents perception of the basicss of English Language should be improved more(prenominal)(prenominal) drills and tutorials should be stipulation by instructors.Sufficient sensation assignment and undertaking should be used to prosecute pupils.YearCampai gners StrengthsCampaigners FailingMay/June 1998Logarithm bilinear EquationsStatisticssLinear EquationsGeometric buildingTrigonometryCoincident EquationsSet TheoryNov/Dec 1998LogarithmStatisticssSet TheoryGeometric buildingBearingsTrigonometryNov/Dec 2003Statisticss issuing basesLongitude and LatitudeGeometric buildingWord job on InequalitiesBearingsNov/Dec 2004ProbabilityCommercial ArithmeticLinear EquationExplicating Algebraic demeanorGeometric Construction BearingsSet TheoryUse of Four Figure tabular array Table 1 Performance in subjects examined at the SSCE ExaminationThe issues raised above and the fact that good light of geometric buildings ( The mathematics of the belongingss, measuring, and affinitys of points, lines, angles, surfaces, and solids ) are of import foundations for pupils who will wish to foster their instruction in such countries as mathematics, technology, natural philosophies and other subjects under Science and Technology ( S & A T ) an country of Ed ucation the Federal Government of Nigeria is passionate about its function in national development. These are what necessitated this survey.Purpose of the surveyThe innovation of this survey was toInvestigate workable inconsistencys amongst the impact of conventional method of learning geometric building and the aided find methodShow the importance of appropriate methodological analysis in didactics/learning, particularly in Mathematics.Look for any relationships surrounded by public presentation and instructional methodsInvestigate whether attitude and methodological analysis impact pupils public presentation in mathematical geometric building give notice ways that can be used, to guarantee betterment in instruction of geometric building in mathematics.MethodologyResearch inquiriesDepartment of energies attitude play a function in accomplishment in geometric building in mathematics?What are the impacts of the traditional method of instruction and the aided find method on pu pils accomplishment in mathematics geometric building?Does Gender hold any function in accomplishment in geometric building in mathematics?Research HypothesissStudents attitude will non significantly affect their accomplishment in geometricThere is no statistically of the essence(predicate) difference surrounded by public presentation of computing machine and chalkboard groupsThere is no statistically heavy difference amid male and female pupils in the combined dependant variables that make up the acquisition resultsDesign of the StudyThis survey made usage of both study and data-based designs, get downing with a study to find pupils attitude to mathematics by and large and geometric building in peculiar, followed by iv hebdomads tutorials to two total categoriesPopulation of the surveyThe population of the survey comprised the SS2 Students in Private Secondary Schools in Lagos State. ( Since Mathematics is compulsory )Sample and Sampling TechniquesThe sample size comprised of 62 pupils was used for the survey. These pupils were pull from two indiscriminately selected Private Secondary Schools from a Local Government Area of Lagos State, one of the 36 provinces doing up Nigeria. The pupils were selected from integral SS2 categories in the schools comprising of 35 male and 27 female. There were 33 pupils from Science integral categories of one school and 29 pupils from friendly Science integral categories ( Commercial ) of another school. The SS2 pupils in these schools had a pretest. The pretest books were graded out of 30marks. The average mark for a Social Science home was 9.45 while for the scientific discipline category it was 11.18. These agencies were used as benchmarks to sort the pupils into More lettered Others ( MKO ) and Less K straightledgeable Others ( LKO ) . Any pupils hiting above the mean were classified as MKO while pupil hiting below the mean was classified as LKO.The scientific discipline category and societal scientific disci pline categories were assigned as observational and reassure group severally. The ground for this was that the schools where the scientific discipline sample was drawn had all the installations needed for computer-based instruction, such resources as computing machines, internet entree, changeless power supply, and a alter look for lab. Students could utilize the bundle at their free periods which afforded them the chance to make single farther work.The MKO and LKO were indiscriminately mixed in the category to accomplish a collaborative acquisition consequence the purpose of this randomization was to neutralize all immaterial variables such as depend on, personality, age, race, parents educational position, hapless nutrition, etc. that may impact the findings of this research work. However such step ining variables as fixed mathematics course of study, clip available aft(prenominal) categories, decrease in attending and assimilation which may be due to tire after(prenomin al) normal school hours could non be controlled.Research InstrumentsThe research instruments used wereTwenty-eight point questionnaire titled Survey of Attitude to Mathematicss ( SAM ) to happen out pupils attitude toward mathematics by and large and geometric building in peculiar. AndA three-item word-problem type, teacher made Mathematics Achievement Test in Geometric Construction ( MATGC ) was administered as a pre exam to command and data-based group for classification of the MKO and LKO. The same trial was administered to both the control and observational group as a set trial. The MATGC was drawn from past West African Examination Council ( WAEC ) , Secondary School Certificate Examination ( SSCE ) inquiries ( 1998-2008 ) . The pick of WAEC, SSCE inquiries was based on the fact that they are alike(p) trial inquiries which had already undergone cogency and dependability trials by WAEC. It is besides the examen the pupils will take at the completion of their Senior Second ary Education.Method of Data CollectionThe pupils were divided into two groups, a control and experimental group. The SAM was administered to both groups by the research worker with the aid of the mathematics instructors of the categories used. The pupils were encouraged to reply all inquiries in the questionnaire while the benefits that will accrue from the research were clearly explained to them. Deduction of non replying all inquiries in the questionnaire was besides explained to them. The Students were given codifications alternatively of utilizing their names to conceal their individuality in order to promote them to take part in the research. These codifications were written on the single Survey of Attitude to Mathematics ( SAM ) .Method of informations aggregation for the MATGCThe three-item trials were administered to the experimental and control group with the aid of their category instructors. The engagement of the instructor was necessary if the pupil will take the resear ch earnestly and for meaningful informations aggregation. The same designation codification used for the SAM by an single pupil was used for the MATGC. This enabled the research worker to fit the documents of the pupils together. The pretest books were graded out of 30 Markss utilizing a bell ringer usher which was developed and used for rating the trial. The tonss were analyzed in order to place the More Knowing Others ( MKO ) and Less Knowledgeable Others ( LKO ) in the experimental group. A mark above the experimental group category mean ( intend=7.58 ) qualified a pupil for MKO class while a mark less than the average qualifies a pupil for LKO. The MKO and LKO were made to sit alternately in their several categories to accomplish the collaborative acquisition consequence the purpose of this randomisation was to neutralize all immaterial variables such as sex, personality, age, race, parents educational position, hapless nutrition etc that may impact the findings of this rese arch work. However, such intervening variables as fixed mathematics course of study, clip available after categories, decrease in attending and assimilation which may be due to tire after normal school hours could non be controlled. The two groups of pupils ( i.e. the experimental and command groups ) were now taken through a four hebdomads learning of one hr per twenty-four hours for every other twenty-four hours ( i.e. Mondays, Midweeks and Fridays ) . Classs were conducted after the stopping point of the regular categories, which was designed to take attention of non interrupting the normal mathematics categories and seting those taking portion in the experiment at a disadvantage. The research worker took the experimental groups while the controlled groups were taken by their single mathematics instructor who had been before taught how to utilize the lesson program drawn up by the research worker. The entire figure of contact period came to three hours a hebdomad and a sum of 12 hours for the full period of learning. Consent from school authorization and parents had been antecedently sought. Students in the experimental group were taught utilizing the ADM method, a collaborative-based group learning utilizing the computing machine. The ADM was an cyberspace based geometric building tutorial developed by John Page on hypertext transfer protocol //www.mathopenref.com/ . The pick of this bundle is the relief with which it taught geometric building, utilizing lifes and graphical illustration. Students of the experimental group have entree to computing machines and to the bundle at school during their free periods or if they have internet entree at place thereby larning further on their ain. The bundle is synergistic, provides good visual image for the pupils, it is free for all users, intriguing and captivates the pupils involvement. It hence provides good emergency for pupils. Students were now required to execute buildings affecting angle 750, 150O, 1050 a ngles. Any angle which are non basic have to undergo some uses such as add-on or minus. This was the major jobs the pupils faced. At this point they were allowed to essence forces in add-on the MKO were to help the LKO to acquire to a point they could use the construct and build the consort angles on their ain.The control groups who were taught by their several instructors were taught utilizing the chalkboard, chalkboard compass, and swayer as a medium of direction. They were taught how to build basic angles, , how to bisect angles, buildings affecting angle 750, 150O, 1050, i.e angle which have to undergo some uses such as add-on or minus. No coaction was allowed in this group. Drills and assignments were given to both the experimental and control groups at the conclusion of each contact period, while two group undertakings were given to both groups after the terminal of the contact periods.The SAM and the MATGC were now administered to the control and experimental group as stat ion intervention. The responses to SAM and the trial documents were collected, scored and analyzed.Method of Data Analysis any informations gathered were organized and analyzed utilizing the undermentioned stairss.The responses from the pre and station SAM were placed against the four- point Likert Scaling, strongly Agree ( SA=4 ) , Agree ( A=3 ) , Strongly Disagree ( SD=2 ) and Disagree ( D=1 ) for positive statements while the points were reversed for negative statements i.e. ( SA=1 ) , ( A=2 ) , ( SD=3 ) ( D=4 ) . Descriptive analyses was used for the SAM. There were no uncomplete responses to any questionnaire since the filing of the questionnaire was closely monitored by the research worker to guarantee all inquiries were answered by pupils.The MATGC was scored out of 30 Markss utilizing a marking strategy. The pre and station tonss from MATGC were subjected to Pearson Correlation coefficient analysis for variables that can be ranked and ordered, e.g public presentation and at titude, while t-test statistics was used for variables with no order such as relationship surrounded by attitude and instructional method while relationships amongst doubled variables such as attitude, public presentation and methodological analysis were subjected to multivariate analysis of discrepancy ( MANOVA ) . Arrested development analysis was besides used to happen out the part of each of the independent variables to the dependent variables. any hypotheses were tested at 0.05 degree of significance.FindingssIn this research, three research inquiries and four hypotheses were posed. The consequences of the pre-test and post-test of MATGC were analyzed utilizing agencies, standard divergence ( S.D ) , t-test statistics. All hypotheses were tested at 0.05 degree of significance. A p- value ( deliberate value ) & lt than 0.05 leads to rejection of the void speculation, otherwise it is accepted. meditation I- Students Attitude will non significantly affect their accomplishmen t in geometric buildingTable1a The Pearson correlativity amidst attitude and accomplishment before interventionVariablePre-Attitude markPre-Achievement markPearson correlativity ( R )1.0000.038P value0.684Nitrogen6262Pre work markPearson correlativity ( R )0.0381.000P value0.684Nitrogen6262Table1b The Pearson Correlation between Attitude and Achievement after interventionVariablePost-Attitude markPost-Achievement markPost attitude markPearson correlativity ( R )1.0000.005P value0.955Nitrogen6262Post Accomplishment markPearson correlativity ( R )0.0051.000P value0.955Nitrogen6262From Table 1a above, the Pearson-correlation coefficient between accomplishment mark and the attitudinal mark before intervention was positive but weak ( r=.038 ) . The p-value which is the of the essence(predicate) value of correlativity between the two variables ( pre- accomplishment mark and pre-attitudinal mark ) is r=0.684 which was greater than 0.05 demoing that the correlativity was non import ant before intervention.From Table 1b shows the Pearson-correlation coefficient between accomplishment mark and the attitudinal mark after intervention ( r=.005 ) , which was positive but weaker than earlier intervention, while the p-value which is the important value of correlativity between the two variables ( post accomplishment mark and station attitudinal mark ) was p=0.955. The values showed a farther weakening of the relationship between attitude and public presentation. Since this is greater than 0.05 i.e P & gt 0.05, it follows that the correlativity was non important.Therefore there was no important relationship between the station accomplishment mark and station attitudinal mark. The attitude of pupils hence did non significantly affect their accomplishment in geometric building.HYPOTHESIS II- There is no statistically important difference between public presentation of computing machine and chalkboard groups.Table 2a T-test analysis of pretest tonss for control ( Blackb oard ) and experimental groupsTreatment groupNitrogenMeanS.Ddftcalcp-valueExperimental concourse338.586.37601.6340.108Control collection296.175.02Table 2b T-test analysis of station -test tonss for control and experimental groupsTreatment groupNitrogenMeanS.Ddftcalcp-valueExperimental Group3311.188.59600.9320.355Control Group299.455.48The pre-test as shown in evade 1a above, the mean of the experimental group ( = 8.58 ) is high than that of the control group ( = 6.17 ) . The p-value which is the important value shows that the difference is non important ( p & gt 0.05 ) . The hypothesis is hence upheld for the pretest.Table 2b presents the post-test tonss and the t-test analysis which showed that the experimental group maintained the lead with a mean of 11.18 over the control group with a mean of 9.45. The t-test analysis shows that the important value of 0.355 is besides greater than 0.05. Again, the hypothesis is upheld in the station trial tonss.In drumhead, from the tabular arraies 2a and 2b above, the experimental group ( computing machine group ) performed better in both the pre and station trials than the control group as show by the agencies but the difference in the average public presentations of the two groups is non important. It so follows that the impact of the computing machine assisted direction is non noticeable.HYPOTHESIS III There is no statistically important difference between male and female pupils in the combined dependant variables that make up the acquisition results whole step The variables that make up the acquisition outcomes in this survey areStudents accomplishment ( tonss ) in geometric building scrutiny.Students attitude to geometric building.A one-way between groups Multivariate Analysis of Variance ( MANOVA ) was performed to look into sex differences in larning results ( accomplishment and attitudes ) . Two dependent variables ( Achievement in geometric building scrutiny and attitude to geometric building ) were invol ved. The independent variable was gender.There was a statistically important difference between males and females on the combined dependant variable F ( 2, 58 ) = 3.763, P = 0.029 with lambda = 0.885 Eta squared = 0.115. when the consequences for the dependent variables were considered on an individual basis utilizing 0.05 alpha degree of significance, the lone difference to make statistical significance was the accomplishment mark after intervention F ( 1,59 ) = 6.713, P = 0.012 Basque Homeland and Freedom squared = 0.102. An review of the average tonss indicated that males reported higher tonss ( intend = 13.154, SD = 7.00 ) than females ( average = 8.457, S.D = 7.01 ) .HYPOTHESIS IV There is no statistically important difference between computing machine and chalkboard groups in the combined dependant variables that make up the acquisition results. placard The variables that make up the acquisition outcomes in this survey are Students accomplishment tonss in geometric buildi ng scrutiny.Students attitude to geometric buildingA one-way between groups Multivariate Analysis of Variance ( MANOVA ) was performed to look into differences in larning result ( achievement and attitudes ) . Two dependent variables ( Achievement in geometric building scrutiny and Attitude to geometric building ) were involved. The independent variable was instructional methodological analysis. There was no statistically important difference between computing machine and chalkboard groups on the combined dependent variables F ( 2, 59 ) = 0.591, p=0.557 Wilks lamda = 0.980, Eta squared = 0.020. When the consequences of the dependent variables were considered individually, none of the differences reached statistical significance. An review of the average tonss indicated that the computing machine group performed better in both achievement tonss in geometric building scrutiny and attitude to geometric building than the chalkboard group. Below are the agencies and standard divergenc es. The Hypothesis is hence upheld that there is no significance difference between the two groups in the combined dependent variables.Dependent variableGroupMeanS.DAchievement trial in geometric buildingComputer group11.188.59Blackboard group9. 455.48Attitude to geometric buildingComputer group71.974.24Blackboard group70.7610.13DiscussionThe credence of this hypothesis provides replies to the research inquiry, Does Assisted Discovery Method of direction affect pupils accomplishment in geometric building positively . The hypothesis may non be important and does non uphold Rosen s ( 2007 ) survey on contrasting Learning Environments Provide Different Learning Experiences where he stated that overall constructivist acquisition environments are more effectual than traditional 1s, but to the contrary to outlooks, traditional scenes did non differ from constructivist 1s when traditionally-appropriate steps were used.The consequences of this probe were able to reply some of the rese arch inquiries What are the impact of the ADM and traditional method of learning on pupils accomplishment in mathematics geometric building? Harmonizing to hypothesis two, the mean and standard divergence of both the pre and station trial was non statistically important therefore there may non be any noticeable impact that instructional engineering had on public presentation of both the control and experimental group. The ADM attack nevertheless, harmonizing to hypothesis four revealed a better attack in footings of betterment in both accomplishment and attitude of the experimental group. There was merely a little impact in attitudinal alteration after the intercession from the experimental group. The ground for this could be attributed to the involvement pupils have in computer-based instruction as supported by earlier findings of ( Salami 2008 ) that pupils taught mathematics with computing machine engineering achieved cognitively higher than those taught without computing machin e engineering. Further research by Julia in ( Salami 2008 ) stated computing machine tutorials, developing through World Wide nett etc can be a rewarding utile experience for pupils .The Impact Gender played in attitude and public presentation to geometric building survey revealed that male ( average =13.154 ) as against female ( mean=8.457 ) performed better in geometric building than females. This may be topic specific as there are surveies to demo that mathematic public presentation is non gender particular.DecisionThis research has been able to demo that both the traditional method of direction and the computing machine based method plays an of import function in learning and larning.The deduction for this is a demand toDeduction to PracticeStudents attitude is cardinal to larning and instructors should make all possible to instill in pupils the right attitude.ADM attack should be applied to other countries of mathematics where pupils perform ill.Deduction to PolicyBetter on mathematics curriculum by seting more accent on usage of Instructional AIDSs in instruction and acquisition. The accent should be on the usage and non which specific one as from this survey the attitude of pupils to whether traditional or computer-based was non important, but the impact of instructional method was noticeable in public presentation.More teacher cooking development plan in current instructional methodological analysisFemale pupils should be given more hike in larning mathematics.Further SurveiesA farther survey is recommended for rural and public school scenes as against the urban and private school scenes used for this survey.

Model for free and open university courseware

One of the determinants of creation of FOCI limit is the capacity building which generally refers to maturation required competences for creation of FOCI online mental objects. Dealing with copyright issues whitethorn be a serious roadblock regular if the intention of the author was meant to provide the resource for free portal and affair. In the process of preparing kernels, instructors research limit from various sources of which some may realize various uprights and new(prenominal) restrictions. Instructors may also raise issues of their in secernigent property rights.An some other determinant is the motivation of instructors there is no clear incentive of engagement for the readiness to enroll in aerofoil hightail itw are. The greatest concern is the time that is required by instructors to prepare a trail that will be lendable, monitored, maintained, updated and perhaps re-formulated for new settings and different utilisations. The bold courseware materials pr ovided by the instructor will be Judged by the peers therefore effort in producing timber desired is of essence. Validation flavor assurance weapon will guarantee that materials are validated for manation.Quality in this sense refers to the relevance of material to the customary, compliance to didactics standards and integrity, organization of capacitance and compliance to intellectual property rights. The FOCI materials should be intellectual property-cleared, meaning that the university has the rights to make the materials available under generate terms and that nothing in the materials infringes the copyrights of others. Secondly, archetypeualization and localization of table of fills trials from course instructors have been intentional for their students at the university.If the same contents are to be available for human beings view, it is measurable to exact relevance of the contents to other people external the university in diverse thematic areas of researc h and training. Quality assurance will involve checking the contents for consistency, pedagogical aspects, compliance to education standards and organization of contents. By publish materials in the web for out-of-doors access with FOCI, university is allowing the public to Judge what is tallyered by the institution.If materials are of myopic reference, it may be threat to the reputation of not save the author but also the university. The university should tense up to provide best quality material to avoid negative criticism by the public. Reliance should be made on standards and specifications to the extent possible. Lastly, there is need for accreditation which is the official approval of contents for publication in FOCI sites. Dissemination A key component of move over courseware is the dissemination of contents whose cornerstone is technology. The technology is establish on the CIT infrastructure for create the contents.Open courseware technology infrastructure consist s of several components, profit connectivity, desktop tools for building course web sites and file conversion, web authoring tools, workflow, metadata capture and publication tools, content staging infrastructure, content publication infrastructure, content repositories (file remembering) Implementation. The technology should be designed to allow the use of a variety of appropriate tools, with a tokenish of integration problems. The choice of technology should consider setup and maintenance cost.In our framework we endeavor to recommend use of cheap but efficient technology eatable for Kenya situation. One of the key determinants of dissemination of FOCI contents is the internet Connectivity. The university should be well served with internet and the bandwidth should be sufficient to allow access of not only textual information but also transmission of multimedia contents. Sufficient campus network connectivity is crucial to facilitate slack creation and updating of contents by course authors at the comfort of their offices.Secondly, Contents delivered through diffuse courseware should be easily searchable and well organized for open access. Care would be made for usability considerations, which means contents, should be easy to edit or modify (formats, specifications) and should accommodate different kinds of access considerations. There is need for content management systems which provides a means of managing large amounts of contents and at the same time providing room for incorporating other pedagogical aspects.From literature review we found out that a number of content management systems are available and which are suitable for open courseware. Lastly, preparing contents for web access also require inserting metadata information. In most cases, local access of online contents does not pose a big problem to users as the remote access. many of remote users may access courseware contents using very slow connections tending(p) the situation of interne t in our country. For example it can be extremely difficult to watch or download video contents using slow connection.Before university implements open courseware it is important to consider the connections of the expected users curiously for remote access. In addition, a whole range of delivery modes should be made available for cases where connectivity at sufficient bandwidth would cause a robber. Lastly, criteria for the assessment of outcomes on the user of open courseware should be defined. Feedback mechanisms should be designed and implemented. It should allow users to express their views on their experiences with the courseware. In addition the site should include access counter to tell the number of people who visit the site.Utilization Utilization refers to physical exercise of open courseware materials in the context of our proposed framework . This may entail learners using the materials for additional learning and research, instructors from other institution using the materials in their raining and other people using the materials for personal content. Awareness is thought as one of determinant of utilization in which case targeted citizenry needs to be sensitizes of the availability of open courseware. The public should have information to the highest degree what is available on open courseware and benefits of using the materials .The impact of the contents on the learner will greatly determine the utilization of the contents. Care should be taken in that the design of contents. The material should not only be useful to the university students but also volume of the public. Lastly, given that FOCI will be delivered through CT. It is important to consider literacy levels of FOCI users. Basic cit requisite skills are needed for one to be able to search open courseware materials on internet, interact with the site in different ways, save contents and provide feedbacks.Methodology The research choose a field survey research design whose objectiv e was to establish factors that discourage or/and gain free and open courseware in public universities of Kenya. The target population of the research was the public universities in Kenya. Questionnaire was the primary(a) data collection instrument and as divided into basketball team parts based on the five elements the free and open courseware framework elements organization, creation, validation, dissemination and utilization. The landing field involved both qualitative and quantitative approaches. A sample size of 450 students and 150 lecturers was targeted.Data collection took place in August 2010. It was collected from 3 public universities that is university of Nairobi, Kenya and Com Kenya University KODAK). Useful and complete solutions were obtained from 392 students representing a response rate of 87% and 1 11 lecturers representing a response rate of 74%. RESULTS On the basis of the analyzed responses the following inferences were drawn Table 4. 1. Elements Components Processes Observations Governance & caution -Planning -Setting up testators -Free and open courseware has not so far been implemented in Kenya. No comprehensive plan. partnership and collaboration Building alliances and consulting Foci partners -Public universities have established some local and international links on open contents provision. Institutional policies Creating policies that support open courseware -Universities policies do not bring home the bacon for free and open content. Some of universities are errantly reviewing policies. Sustainability Establish ways of meeting the setup and maintenance cost -Difficult to direct university limited currency to free and open courseware project. minor support from Government and Nags Developing knowledge & overlap culture expertness assassination and advocacy A number of workshops and conferences have been held Capacity building - change CIT literacy among lecturers -Training of faculty in E-content phylogeny -Creating text ual and video contents -Majority of faculties are CIT literate. -Majority of lecturers have not attended training in E-content instruction -Most of structures contents is not in electronic format -Faculties have not developed video contents of most of lectures. Lecturers have no access to video capturing and editing facilities. -Dealing with copyright issues -Adhere to PR -Set up open sharing licenses -Majority of lecturers obtain materials from copyrighted sources -No clear Intellectual property rights policies in Kenya and particularly in the universities that cater for open sharing. Attitudes -Developing positive attitudes towards open sharing materials Majority of lecturers have negative attitude towards open sharing. However, majority are willing to share heir materials for free under open Terms.Motivation -Establish ways of motivating lecturers Low motivation of faculty. Majority of lecturers indicated that they cannot dedicate their time to embark on contents creation for fr ee publishing without clear terms of engagements. Validation Copyright clearance -Perform copyright clearance Majority of lecturers obtain contents from copyrighted sources. Conceptualizing of contents Perform relevance check Some of the materials are not relevant to the public Quality Assurance Perform quality assurance Some of the instructors materials do not meet quality standards for OCW.Accreditation of materials -Get official approval and seek authorization for publishing from faculty No policies available to support accreditation of open materials. Utilization -Awareness -Public assassination -Low awareness level Majority of university students, instructors and administrators are not aware of open courseware. -CIT Literacy Improve cit literacy Majority of learners at public university are CIT literate -Access Improve internet access Internet usage level is generally high by university students.However, majority of students utilize free contents available on the web for resear ch as opposed to buying kooks. -Relevance Maintain high standards and quality in ware of open courseware materials Some of the materials are not useful to public 5. 0 Conclusion Results from the study shows that the concept of FOCI has not been embraced in Kenya. However, it is not an absolutely new phenomenon since some of the universities are sensitivity their faculties on content sharing and aligning their policies to accommodate open contents.Nevertheless, the study reports low awareness of FOCI in Kenya universities among students and faculty members. The study identified a number of issues that pose significant challenges in implementation of FOCI in Kenya based on regression test performed . Amongst, Intellectual property rights and attitudes of faculty towards open courseware have shown significant effect on creation of FOCI contents while quality and relevance of materials shown significant effects on utilization of open courseware. In addition sustainability of FOCI proje ct is another issue that poses a significant challenge to the implementation.The fact that the authorized design of FOCI is not to generate income for the university or contents providers begs the question of how such project can be sustained. It is encouraging to note that the number of lecturers participating in development of content for online learning is on augment. Universities have also set up repositories for storage of contents e. G University of Nairobi and Kenya University has each two servers for storage of contents and backups and the universities are gradually embracing online learning in their curriculum.Lastly, over last five geezerhood internet connectivity has greatly improved in Kenya and currently, the majority of public universities in Kenya are connected through a fiber-based local and external access infrastructure. 5. 1 Recommendations There will be need for loaded campaign and assassination to raise the awareness level if a university wants to embark on implementation of FOCI. The public needs to get information about the availability of materials, various techniques of accessing the materials online and build confidence about the quality of materials.Study has revealed that majority of lecturers utilizes copyrighted contents in preparation of their lecture materials and this poses a significant challenge of sharing the contents to the public. The study identified IP clearance as one the solutions of coping with issue of non love to copyright laws. IP clearance is the process that ensures the open courseware publisher has the rights to make the materials available under open terms and that nothing in the materials infringes the copyright of other . Let may involve getting approvals from authors whose contents have been copied and/or removing such contents.It may also involve making sure fair use of other authors contents which involves ensuring that the original authors are properly acknowledged and may involve granting licenses t o open courseware end-users to use, reuse, adapt, and redistribute materials for non-commercial educational reposes, in accordance with the open courseware concept. The greatest concern is the time that is required by faculty from academics to prepare elements of a course that will be available, monitored, maintained, updated and perhaps re-formulated for new settings and different use.Therefore motivation and attitudes of instructors is critical. The study recommends that stakeholders in academia should first demystify the whole issue of free and open sharing of contents through assassination of the faculty. It important for management of open courseware to consider financial rewards of the developers for their time and other forms congenital motivation such as recognitions of leading authors by the universities or/and other agencies. Course materials published on FOCI are subjected to public scrutiny.End users will constantly evaluate the quality of content offered by the univers ity. Therefore, quality of content can positively or negatively impact on the reputation of the institution. It is difficult to achieve ascorbic acid% acceptance of FOCI content in the face of the diverse thematic areas of research and training, and the different approaches and modes of delivering contents. However universities should extend to to make the contents relevant to majority of the public. One of the unresolved issues is delivery methods for remote access which includes off campus accesses.The scope of our study did not carry out assessment on the network infrastructure outside the university. But, results from other studies indicate that, it may be difficult to maintain high speed connection in most of places in Kenya especially the remote areas. Nevertheless, the current Kenya devolution promises to improve the internet connectivity of major towns and increase the internet reach for majority of citizens. It is also important to set up distributed contents servers or m irror servers in various parts of the country especially in major towns to improve speed of access all over the country.Sustainability of the project has shown significant effect on the implementation of FOCI, given the high setup and maintenance cost of implementing. It might be difficult to maintain budget line for open courseware. However, universities which already have an existing and well established online learning infrastructure can easily and cheaply immigrate to FOCI. If the university offers online learning for a umber of years, over time published materials will be continually small and since online learning is income generating Return-on-Investment will have been achieved.